Introduction As an essential part of personal growth, self-esteem covers the overall self-acceptance and comprehension of self-worth by an individual. More specifically, the concept of self-esteem implies the belief and conscious determination of special abilities, thus, it is described commonly as an individual’s assessment of their value and competence. The...
Introduction The relationship between the personality and intelligence of a person and their effectiveness and success in work is not a fully studied topic. Changes occurring in modern society continuously require a person to be able to find their place in a changing social situation. Nevertheless, the intellectual and personal...
Introduction Susan and Jack’s son, Edward has been growing stronger and bigger since birth. By the time Edward reached his third birthday, he is over twice as tall as he was at birth and nearly three times as heavy. A child’s body changes and grows in a predictable pattern. Physical...
Abstract Drug use has become more popular among adolescents between the ages of fourteen to seventeen years of age over the past ten years. Drug Abuse review of the last ten years of research on drug abuse shows that adolescent drug abuse rose sharply. If we can target the causes...
As a group forms, it goes through several defined stages that feature different dominant trends in intragroup relations, such as differentiation and integration. Within these stages, a group progresses from a collection of individuals to a cohesive team with a common goal. According to Wheelan (2009), the objective of group...
Motivation is one of the widely discussed and researched concepts. It has been explained through a number of theories, with each seeking to give a unique viewpoint to the reasons for action that provides purpose and direction to behavior. There are four early theories of motivation, namely Maslow’s Hierarchy of...
Similarities in conflict management Conflict refers to a perceived difference in interest, whereby one party (individual; or group) believes that if the other pursues its interest in the current context, then it will be disadvantaged. It arises when social entities, which may be individuals, groups, or organizations, interact as they...
Introduction This study presents a theoretical model that illustrates the correlation between self-esteem, negative behaviors, autonomy, and life satisfaction. Self-esteem is one of the most significant personal characteristics. This trait influences confidence and self-respect. Self-esteem demonstrates how individuals perceive themselves. High self-esteem implies a positive opinion about one’s abilities and...
Abstract Behavioral, traits, cognitive, psychoanalytic, and humanistic theories are important in psychology. Psychologists use them to explain people’s behavior and even their personalities. Thus, through them, one can understand why people behave in a unique manner when compared to others. Cognitive psychology involves studying people’s thinking process. Plato and René...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze the diverse nature of psychology as a discipline. The discipline of Psychology is perhaps more diverse than any other discipline. It has more than 50 divisions, which focus on different elements of psychology and human existence. The discipline of Psychology is...
Every day thousands of couples officially register their relationships by getting married. People are eager to create family units, give birth to children, and live happily for years. However, a phenomenon of divorce becomes as common as marriage in modern society. There are many assumptions regarding this tendency, one of...
Attention The concept of attention is a nightmare to the majority of scholars. It involves a number of psychological happenings, as well as, concentrating on one or a number of activities while disregarding the others. People can consciously allocate their attention to tasks. Attention facilitates the selection of the relevant...
In his talk, Dr. Moen spoke about the importance of open-mindedness, acknowledgment of own weaknesses, and truthful communication with patients. Through his professional experience, the doctor found out that the mere awareness of medical theories and well-developed practical skills are not enough to change the lives of patients for the...
Benefits of Self–managed Learning Self-managed learning is a type of learning that enables adults to take full control and responsibility for their learning. It requires individuals to identify ways through which they can acquire knowledge in different areas. Through self-managed learning, individuals set learning goals and ways of achieving them....
Several themes, patterns, and inter-relationships emerge upon reflection on the course readings and concepts on critical thinking and decision making. Critical thinking affects decision-making of any kind. Over the decades, scholars have agreed that critical thinking is especially beneficial in business and economics. Kahneman and Charan (2013) note that great...
Introduction Every human being is different in terms of personality, behaviors, and sociability. This fact explains why individuals tend to have diverse expectations in life, values, and practices. A proper understanding of people can result in positive relationships and support systems. This paper defines the term “personality” and outlines the...
Introduction Personality is defined as a dynamic system comprised of a set of characteristics possessed by a person. The said set is shaped by various psychological forces and influences an individual’s perception of reality as well as their emotions, behaviors, and cognition. As a subfield, personality theory has a long...
Cognitive, Language, and Literacy Development of the Infant After studying the chapter on the cognitive, language, and literacy development of infants it has come to my attention that environmental factors play a crucial role in helping to develop the cognitive skills of infants which help to facilitate proper development in...
Self-disclosure is the interaction process through which an individual may continuously divulge himself to another party. For instance, revealing things like goals, thoughts, beliefs, fears, feelings, and weaknesses to another part is part of self-disclosure (Levinson & Brown, 2011). I self-disclose regularity to my father and a college friend. That...
“Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to an enduring change in behaviour.” (Huczynski & Buchanan, 2010) In normal situations, the learning process will affect the behavior of individuals in several different ways. This paper discusses some of these influences and their outcome by considering some...
Coined by Arnold Mitchell, the term VALS™ is a property of SRI International (Bhasin). This psychometric approach is used to forecast people’s values and attitudes based on their demographics and beliefs (“About VALS™”). According to the framework, eight types of VALS™ are identified: “innovators, thinkers, achievers, experiencers, believers, strivers, makers,...
A strapping relationship exists between personality and culture adopted in society. Culture, hereditary, and environment affect human behavior (Ferraro, 2007, p.56). An individual’s immediate environment influences the behavior adapted. Environment refers to all surrounding conditions. Elements of the environment, such as relatives, friends, and communication models, contribute to the development...
Introduction The study of the characteristics of child development is the area of psychology that provides for assessing various aspects, including cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical factors. Based on specific data, it is possible to analyze certain causal relationships and establish which criteria are key in the process of acquiring particular...
Discrimination and prejudice are forms of social behaviors that determine the quality of life and academic performance among college students. Experiences of prejudice turn out to be a serious stressor and a cause of mental health problems. The purpose of this research proposal is to identify the components of the...
As a problem addressed in this research proposal, human aggression and its prerequisites will be analyzed on the basis of available information from academic sources and findings presented in the public domain. The aim of this work is to determine whether the declared disorder can manifest itself as a result...
Introduction The opposition of nature and nurture and their respective roles in personality development has been at the center of scientific discussion for many years. Different theories justify the importance of each part of the debate; however, there is no clear answer to what determines an individual’s behavior and development:...
Abstract Personality is such a complicated subject that it evades a simple definition. There is no defined criterion for determining personality. Critics of personality theories argue that a person’s behavior cannot be the basis of determining personality type. However, there are several valid efforts at defining personality theories. One of...
Introduction Theorists such as Vygotsky and Whorf have tried to explore the effects of language on cognitive psychology. Similarly, they have tried to explore the significance of human thought on language. Consequently, numerous outcomes have been received with ranging views on their interpretation. Notably, most theorists believe that language plays...
Introduction Since its introduction by Festinger, the concept of cognitive dissonance has received widespread recognition in multiple fields that involve human behavior patterns. Eventually, the concept was applied to organizational studies, where it offered numerous benefits associated with improvements in employee motivation, engagement, and behavioral patterns. Leadership has become an...
Introduction Psychology theories had a great influence on modern society. They have been utilized to understand human behavior, as well as learn new behaviors. Moreover, these theories have been influential in helping parents, organizations, and governments, as well as psychologists, gain more information on human behavior. There are various types...
Introduction It is suggested that counter-attitudinal behaviors may lead to changes in the attitudes if no sufficient external justification is provided for these behaviors. In this paper, two theories about such a situation will be discussed. The first of them, the theory of cognitive dissonance, explains the changes in attitudes...
Abstract This paper investigates the ethical issues that characterize group therapy and personal therapy. It shows that both types of therapies have unique ethical challenges that affect counselor-client relationships. Evidences from this paper also show that confidentiality, informed consent, and dangerous group behaviors are some ethical issues that characterize group...
A Summary of CBFT’s Strengths and Weaknesses Cognitive behavioral family therapy (CBFT) is the most popular treatment modality among marriage and family therapists focusing on marital problems and problem behaviors within the family (Dattilio, 2010). CBFT focuses on thoughts and behaviors, particularly by looking at how the thoughts and behaviors...
Stages of development are very important in an individual’s life. However, childhood stages are important as compared to other stages given the fact that key societal norms and regulations are acquired in the early stages of development. The importance of a developmental stage is determined by cultural norms and standards...
Assessment of My Professional Needs My current professional needs include acquiring new competencies and skills that can support my career goals. My short term goal is to get a new job in a challenging environment or organization that can result in personal growth. My long-term goals include completing my MBA...
Introduction The recent years has seen an increase in competition among companies and organization. This has led to the need for businesses to ensure their performances to be able to survive the market. As such, there has also been the need for them to enhance motivation among their employees to...
My Example First of all, I would like to point out that experiential hospitality is one of the key issues, which people are to think about while communicating with each other. In other words, experiential hospitality allows people to build warm relationships and create meaningful experiences. Of course, there is...
DSM IV-TR Category Definition: From text or other source Classification Schizophrenia It involves severe behavioral complications that usually affect the normal functioning of an individual. Positive Schizophrenia. There exist pathological excesses that may include distortion of normal behavior. Negative Schizophrenia. The condition is characterized by the absence of specific behavior....
Theme and objective: To illustrate how the representation of objects affect peoples thinking by altering their states of mind Relevance of the topic Images have a very profound effect on the viewer’s mind frame. This is especially so if the person can relate to the object or event presented in the...
Introduction For this child observation study, I chose to identify and describe the developmental stage of a 20-month old girl, Christine. Christine has light brown hair, brown eyes, bowlegs, and an interestingly strong hesitance to crawl. When Christine smiled at me, I noticed she only had a pair of teeth...
Introduction The purpose of this project is to explore a psychoanalytic approach to personality. Psychoanalytic theory has been studied for several centuries and its influences have been felt in various disciplines, including clinical psychology, sociology, literature, and arts. Sigmund Freud is the proponent of this school of thought. Besides, Carl...
Introduction The development of children and adolescent is an important process, which is complex and different for diverse children. The development shapes a child’s daily life in the present and in the future as an adult. Enhancing good health in development of a child emotionally, physically and mentally cannot be...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to explore the field of personality theories and factors that may influence the development of an individual’s personality. The elements of personality reflect individual variations in terms of feelings, behaviors, and thought processes. Personality helps one understand individual differences and functional aspects of...
Introduction Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) usually occurs after life threatening events in people’s lives. Such events might include combat in the military, assault, molestation, accidents and natural calamities. Different people have different ways of dealing with stress that they go through in their lives. Research statistics show that approximately 8.5%...
What Kind of Interaction Exists between the ‘Social’ and the ‘Cognitive’ in Social Cognitive Theory? According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), three factors determine the behavior change. The first is individual characteristics. A person changes only when they believe that they have the capability or self-efficacy to do so....
Brain-based Learning Brain-based learning is the process of learning based on the functioning and nature of the human brain (Fischer & Immordino-Yang, 2008). Such methods usually consider how different people learn at different ages and in different social, physical, and emotional environments. Teachers that use this system always use the...
Introduction Erick Erickson was one of the most renowned psychoanalysts whose works has been very influential in the field of psychologist. His most notable works was the social development theory which expounded further on earlier works written on the same field mainly by Sigmund Freud as well as the Ego...
Action – Observation – Reflection Model Experiential learning is of paramount importance for a leader because in different companies and settings people may require different leadership approaches, so a leader has to know how to act in their particular company or setting. The action – observation – reflection model allows...
Extant literature shows that Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal condition that affects the male physical, psychosocial and cognitive capacities due to the presence of one or more supernumerary X chromosomes among the affected individuals. With an occurrence rate of 1:500 to 1:1000 live male births, affected persons exhibit a...
Introduction Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive both ones and other emotions. It enables one to use those emotions to understand and regulate them in both self and others (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). High emotional intelligence level enables a person to form meaningful relationships and lead to success...
Abstract Adolescence is the period of transition from pubescence to maturity. Many concerns impede the normal cognitive development of teenagers, which encompass alcohol and drug abuse. In the course of this phase of development, there are several biological, social, as well as environmental factors that can prompt a persistent desire...
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development indicates that children undergo four different stages of cognitive development. The four stages include the Sensorimotor stage, Pre-operational stage, Concrete operational stage, and the Formal operational stage. Cognitive development starts after birth, when the child starts experiencing sensations in the environment. During the Sensorimotor stage,...
The greatest minds of all times tried to understand human behavior. One of the main means of understanding this aspect is the consideration of the human behavior. The variety of approaches to human mind via the reflections in their behavior impresses. The inability of any of the representatives of psychological...
Ethical Codes In the practice of psychology, ethics of conduct may be considered one of the main components of professional competence. The ethical conduct implies the ability to show respect to diversity and dignity of patients, research participants, and other individuals with whom a psychologist interrelates in the professional context....
Tai’s new school has a policy that all students need to do at least 15 minutes of homework each week night. Explain and justify the steps from a Behaviour Modification approach that Tai would take to make sure his students do their homework and bring it back to school the...
Abstract Sibling- incest victims, CSA victims, and rape survivors have been unable to enjoy normal sexual functionality or keep their important relationships in their adulthood. Relationships and sexual activities in normal life play a very important role in the well-being of a person. For human beings to be able to...
Actions are very important and so is the obligation to act morally. Ethical decisions depend highly on an individual’s character. While bearing in mind that ends tend to justify the means, it is imperative to focus on the relationship between and among outcomes, principles, moral duties, and virtues as well...
Introduction The importance of play in child development cannot be overstated. In Australia, the play has been identified as a crucial methodology for learning for children. In light of the stated, there have been numerous researches done to determine the impact of the play. Through the said researches, it has...
Literature review The overall maintenance of health depends on the effective management of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. As a result, health practitioners and clinicians prescribe health intervention treatment to improve the quality of life. Thus, the need for effective health management facilitates the efficiency and productivity of health caregivers. As...
Are peers more important than parents during the process of development? Over the past years, a lot of discussions have been held concerning the influence of both parents and peers on the growth of youngsters. The research carried on this topic has often illustrated that both parents and peers influence...
Abstract This research paper discusses Structural Family Therapy in relation to its development, tenets, application and comparison to other methods. It was established that Minuchin was at the forefront of developing the approach due to the realization that human problems cannot be solved individualistically. Instead, they should be solved in...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to examine basic concepts of environmental psychology. It covers the definition and an important influence or a milestone and the relevance of such a milestone in the field of environmental psychology. The field of environmental psychology has concentrated on human influences on the...
Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) belongs to a group of somatoform disorders or somatic symptom disorders (SSD) that manifest as medically unexplained physical symptoms. They are considered as psychiatric conditions since diagnostic tests return negative results. The chief complaints include localized or multisystem pain, neurological problems, and gastrointestinal ailments. Related...
Ethical decision making Counselors experience numerous cases of ethical dilemmas in the course of executing their duties. Consequently, they must possess effective, ethical decision-making skills (Daniels, 2004). According to Corey, Corey, and Callanan (2011), the development of a strong relationship between counselors and their clients is vital in improving the...
Introduction Middle childhood development takes place between the ages of 6-12 years. This stage is associated with fast cognitive development, and the children develop better social skills as they interact with people in their social circle. The children start developing new friendships in their new environments in school, and they...
Abstract The US toy industry has grown immensely over the years because of the high demand for learning toys. Learning toys are ubiquitous in schools and homes because of the assumption that they boost children’s cognitive development. The existing literature reveals a divisive stance on this presumption. The majority of...
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is an issue that affects Monica’s relationships and academic achievements. Dunsmore, Booker, and Ollendick (2013) state that the disease is characterized by behavior problems at school or at home, which was displayed in the case. Before suggesting any pharmacological intervention, it is necessary to assess additional...
Introduction Our group of thirteen members undertook the challenge of climbing Mount Everest. Reaching Mount Everest is very challenging, but we undertook the tour with the aim of bonding and strengthening personal ties amongst us. We had a wonderful experience that helped us learn a lot about each other. Apart...
Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by symptoms that include restlessness, hyperactivity, inattentiveness, impulsiveness, attention deficits, and uncontrollable behaviors (Kewley, 2001). It emerges during childhood and in many cases progresses to later stages of development. Other challenges that people with the disorder encounter...
Dr. David Wechsler was an employee of Bellevue Hospital as a psychologist. He established the Wechsler intelligence degrees and the outcomes of his research were printed in the year 1939. Wechsler built the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence scale on the basis of his observation that, tests for adults at the time were...
Abstract Organizations need to maintain a healthy working environment to motivate workers. This report seeks to analyze critically the monetary and non-monetary factors that motivate employees. To achieve this, the report uses Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s two-factor theory to study the impact of motivation on employee’s productivity. It...
Introduction Human behavior and personality are the focus of different studies. In psychology, these two entities can be viewed from a variety of different perspectives. For example, the scholars that study human personality using humanistic theories and those who follow the dispositional approach will emphasize different features of personality and...
Introduction Occupational stress and methods of managing stress in organizational environments are popular objects of empirical analysis. Much has been written and said about the role of occupational stress in organizations and their effects on the quality of employee performance. Occupational stress is one of the most serious problems in...
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety-related condition whereby a person experiences involuntary or out-of-control thoughts that keep repeating themselves in such a person’s brain hence causing great anxiety. As a result, many such people resort to compulsive behaviors aimed at countering the anxious thoughts and thus inhibiting the anxiety (Hewlett,...
Since infancy, children begin to explore and comprehend the external world, and when they interact with new objects and phenomena, the cognitive aptitude commences developing. According to Piaget, the children pass through four basic stages of cognitive development, and the substantial transformation in child perception occur at each developmental stage...
Introduction When parents are divorcing, there is always the issue of the reaction of children to divorce; the concern is always on the growth and development of children, how healthy and happy children will grow in the absence of their two parents. According to research, most children experience short term...
Introduction Erik Erikson was a Germany psychologist whose work was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud. In his theory of development, he examined aspects of identity, which include personal identity (unique characteristics, which distinguish an individual from other people), ego identity (self), and cultural/social identity (roles entitled to an individual). He...
Abstract Bipolar disorder is a mental issue that is accompanied by stress, anxiety and mood shifts. There are three main kinds of mood episodes helping to recognize this disorder. They include manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, and depressive episodes. The episodes vary in terms of the duration or severity. In addition,...
Introduction The concept of the self is an inclusive term that reflects how people perceive themselves. Hence, the self-concept is how a person thinks about and assesses himself or herself. One can only be aware of the self when he or she has understood the concept of the self. According...
Introduction In the early 20th century, psychologists focused primarily on behavioral psychology. However, this changed as they began to explore mental processes. Psychologists realized that the use of behavioral psychology to determine mental processes were inconsistent. Moreover, the utilization of scientific methods in psychology was advancing. Therefore, the shift from...
Introduction Explanations of the normal growth have been postulated by many theorists including Vygotsky, Erikson, Piaget and Kohberg, to help understand the way people attain cognitive development. Currently, there are many ongoing researches that are seeking to provide vital information about the nature of these developments. Growth and development in...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to address primary elements of cross-cultural psychology. It shows the relationship between culture and psychology, the role of critical thinking and methodology applied in cross-cultural psychology. Several factors, particularly biological, contribute in shaping a person’s behaviors. However, experiences play critical roles in shaping...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to examine basic elements of Clinical Psychology. It focuses on history and evolving nature of the discipline, the role of research and statistics and the difference between Clinical Psychology and other related disciplines. The major developments in Clinical Psychology were noted during the...
Introduction Evolution psychology has attempted to provide an important framework for explaining the origin and development of human behavior. Theorists and scholars in psychology and evolution have shown that the approach was likely to solve the historical absurdities affecting the origins of human behavior. By examining psychological traits of humans,...
Introduction ADHD misdiagnosis in children literally means there are mistakes in the diagnostic process conducted by the medical practitioner or other stakeholders involved, such as the teacher or the care provider. The literature states that the process of diagnosis should be conducted in at least two settings (i.e. at home...
Introduction The Viennese psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud, was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. His psychoanalytic theory provided a comprehensive explanation of the functioning of the human mind, in particular, and human behavior in general. This theory made a significant...
Research question For decades, there have been arguments that television programs have negative effects on children. Many people believe that most television programs do not add value to their children. Consequently, many suppose that rather than watching television, children ought to focus on essential issues like studying, sports, and other...
Introduction Motivation is the process that begins with a psychological or physiological need that helps in activating behaviors that are directed towards the achievement of specific goals. Various theories are useful in explaining how employees are motivated and offer suggestions for how motivation in the workplace can be enhanced. This...
Perception, analysis, and performance – here are the three key elements of cognitive psychology. Which of them do you think is the most important? In fact, they all work in complex, but perception is a starting point for the other elements. One of the most convenient ways of understanding a...
Introduction Psychologists’ involvement in military interrogations is a significant issue that received national attention in the United States after the Hoffman report was made public in 2015. According to the report, many American psychologists have been involved in the so-called enhanced interrogation of detainees during the U.S. War on Terror...
Introduction While the physical effects of obesity on young people are widely discussed, the psychological aspect of this serious disease has not yet reached sufficient attention and level of analysis. Meanwhile, mental problems associated with obesity can lead to severe complications during the period of adulthood development. Thus, it is...
Abstract This paper is a comprehensive research on the developmental theory of personality specifically the attachment theory. Attachment theory is the common theory used in psychology especially when dealing with infant and mother relationship. This theory has played a critical role in the establishment of child care policies as well...
Abstract The development of children has been a topic of extensive research, and it has been found that educational establishments (such as nurseries and schools) are beneficial for children’s development at a very early age. In many countries, nurseries are regarded as an important step in children’s acquisition of motor...
Introduction The explosion of behavior changes on children has sparked a series of developmental theories to explain this controversy. The theories help in organizing and seeking meaning to the controversial topics. Should parents be allowed to punish their children physically if they want to? Different opinions emerge based on personal,...
Introduction The intensity of child abuse is highly dependent on the environment that the kid resides, which includes the home and the school. The vice takes different forms, and it can be sexual, physical, verbal, or emotional abuse. Children who are subject to any of the mentioned abuses exhibit redundancy...
Introduction As human beings, we are faced with many situations where we have to work in a group environment so as to achieve certain goals. A group is defined as a number of people who carry out various tasks together in a bid to achieve predetermined goals and objectives. Groups...
Introduction Mental and behavioural illnesses have had a long history of stigma, which has devastating effects on the lives of people with psychiatric disorders, their families, and those who care for them (Ben-Zeev et al.). Because of the stigma, and because of the adverse effects of mental and behavioural illnesses,...
Since cognitive dissonance theory was first proposed in 1957, psychologists have carried out number of studies to determine the relationship between human behavior and attitudes. They also aim at determining whether behavior has an impact on attitude change. The contradicting findings by Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith (1959) and those...
Deviant behavior is defined as a behavior that contradicts established social norms. However, from the perspective of different social theories related to deviant behavior, different deviant acts can be interpreted differently in different societies and in different countries. According to Macionis & Gerber (2006): Deviance is the recognized violation of...
Introduction Children normally form the most vulnerable group in each society. This is because of the fact that they are vulnerable to cases of maltreatment, sexual abuse, and even neglect given their tender ages, which make them dependent on the adults (Crosson-Tower, 2008). Child sexual abuse is among the common...
