The Holocaust: The Impacts on Jewish Nationality and Survivors

The Holocaust will always be a part of history that most people would instead not think about or talk about. Social groups disbanded, and families shrank, all of which shook the very basis of Jewish survivors’ identities. Even before Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, anti-Semitism was widespread throughout Europe.¹ Between 1933 and 1938, decrees and laws stripped Jews of their nationality and essentially made them outlaws. Consequently, children were pulled out of school, and most people lost their source of income and they had to stay at home. Even though many Jews could flee or go into hiding, Holocaust survivors experienced unspeakable horror that most people will never be able to fathom. Nonetheless, these individuals rehash the terror and divulge their worst nightmares to tell their stories, all to prevent future generations from ever having to experience what they did. Following the end of the Holocaust, the concentration camps and massacres that were experienced during that time, have had both positive and negative impacts on Jewish nationality and survivors such as traumatic disorder and rebirth of Jewish nationality.

Throughout history, the Holocaust stands out as one of the darkest chapters. Extreme cruelty was used in the Holocaust, from outright murder to inhumane experiments. Adolf Hitler was among the top influencers of the Holocaust and was able to convince more people to join the scheme. The Holocaust was Hitler’s idea, and he enlisted the Nazi ideology of racial superiority to assist him in exterminating the Jews and other groups he deemed beneath the Nazis. Several concentration camps, including Auschwitz, were home to horrible “medical experiments” conducted on living inmates by Nazi doctors.² The doctors were convinced that their actions were necessary to continue their lives in the world they were attempting to establish.

Genocide is a global problem that regularly appears in international media. The Holocaust was one of the darkest in human history. Cruelty and inhumanity were displayed in the treatment of eleven million victims. They were annihilated for no reason other than the Nazis’ racial bigotry against non-Aryans. Aryans, defined by the Nazis as Caucasian people with fair skin, light hair, and blue eyes, were considered superior.

Concentration camps and Massacre

The Nazi Party used to be the name given to the extreme right-wing political movement and party that Adolf Hitler led. In 1920, Hitler rebranded his organization as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.³ The Nazi ideology evolved into nationalist, racist, and anti-democratic. Antisemitism and anti-Marxism were both at extremes among the Nazis. Every central political ideology was against them: democracy, capitalism, socialism, and communism. They advocated for the execution of people who did not identify as German from all aspects of society. They demanded an authoritarian government to represent the “master race” in the “racial fight” against the “inferior races,” in particular the Jews.

The Holocaust occurred during World War II and the Nazis attempted to exterminate a wide variety of populations during this time. Jews, Roma, Slavs, the physically and mentally impaired, and homosexuals all fell within this category. In other words, these were the people the Nazis had deemed unfit for a future in the German Empire. Therefore, the Nazis planned to round up all these individuals, place them in concentration camps, and then use various forms of genocide to wipe them off.⁴ Inside the camps, there were both decaying bodies and malnourished humans.

The Nazis utilized euphemistic language to hide the true nature of their atrocities. A euphemism is a seemingly neutral word or phrase that is disrespectful or implies anything unpleasant when used in its place. While the purpose of some euphemisms is purely comedic, others are used to minimize more severe ideas by replacing them with more neutral language. They adopted the term “Final Solution” to describe their plan to exterminate the Jewish people⁵. A decade of progressively repressive racist tactics led to the genocide, or mass extermination, of the Jews. When exactly Nazi officials agreed to carry out the “Final Solution” is unclear.

Under Adolf Hitler’s leadership, the segregation and persecution of Jews occurred in waves. After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, it instituted economic boycotts, anti-Jewish policies, and the violent Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass” pogroms to deliberately isolate Jews from the population and drive them to leave the nation⁶. In the years following the German invasion at the outset of World War II, anti-Jewish policies were more widely enforced, leading to the murder of Jews.⁷ The Nazis initially attempted to divide and control the Jews by creating ghettos in the General administration. Many Jews from Poland and western Europe were forced to live in these ghettos, where they endured poor living conditions and frequent food shortages. The ghettos were used as death camps and forced labor camps for Jews.

After “the Final Solution” was implemented, Auschwitz was the convenient camp because of its location. The area was suitable for the prisoner communication routes. Auschwitz was the most heinous of the concentration camps since the Holocaust was most severe at Auschwitz.⁸ A military installation once stood where Auschwitz now stands. During the building of the camp, authorities seized the area’s factories. Since the Nazis destroyed the city after its inhabitants had been forcibly evicted from their houses. Many Polish civilians were incarcerated after Germany conquered Poland in 1939, and Auschwitz was initially built as a death camp to house them.⁹ The Nazis executed many people they considered enemies of the state, including Jews and others who worked as enslaved people. Inmates were also used in horrific medical experiments. When the Allies seemed sure to destroy Nazi Germany in 1944, the Germans authorized the concentration camp Auschwitz to be evacuated in January 1945, just as the Soviet army reached Krakow.¹⁰ Officers in charge at Auschwitz started removing memorials to the camp’s horrific past. Buildings were smashed, blown up, or burned down, and records were destroyed.

The Auschwitz Death Marches were the forced marching of thousands of captives from the concentration camps to nearby Polish villages some 30 kilometers distant. Many inmates lost their lives as a result of this procedure. In the process of getting there, many of them were murdered by SS agents. Survivors were loaded onto trains bound for German detention camps without provisions. On January 27, 1945, the Soviet troops entered Auschwitz and found some 7,600 inmates who were sick or malnourished and had been left behind wire fences.¹¹ There were piles of bodies found by the freed, many shoes and clothing items, and seven tons of human hair cut from prisoners before their execution.

End of The Holocaust

While the war in the Far East continued, the Holocaust came to an end on the European continent when the Allies formally accepted Germany’s surrender on May 8, 1945. Through the 1930s, the majority of Germans had come to back Hitler and the Nazi state. By the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945, Nazi armed forces were in disarray and were being forced to retire from all fronts. Even though it was obvious that Nazi Germany was losing, thousands of captives were still killed in concentration camps. There was just one organized attempt to topple Hitler and the Nazi Party, and it took place on July 20, 1944.¹² At this point in World War II, it appeared that Germany would soon be defeated. Germany capitulated and was seized by the Allies after Hitler’s death. The Allies declared the Nazi Party illegal and labelled it a terrorist group.¹³ Criminal proceedings were held against prominent Nazis for war crimes and other atrocities.

Adolf Hitler was a despicable monster whose mission was to wipe out the Jewish race and dominate the globe. He set up extermination camps and concentration camps to carry out this mission. Concentration camps were first proposed to resolve ethnic problems in several British and German colonies at the beginning of the twentieth century.¹⁴ The current-day Republic of South Africa sits on what was once a British colony, while South West Africa and East Africa were German colonies. It is believed that the Nazis’ experiences in their African colonies inspired them to establish a network of extermination camps during World War II.¹⁵ Hitler’s strategy, which aimed to enslave and exterminate the defeated nationalities in concentration camps, became the core of Nazi Germany’s political structure.

Impacts of the Holocaust on survivors

The forced work of enslaved people and the unpaid labor of prisoners in Nazi concentration camps proved that slavery was very much present in the twentieth century. The most advanced torture techniques and bogus medical experiments were also practiced in German concentration camps. Sadists made up the camp garrisons or troops and were delighted to torture and abuse the detainees. Konzentrationslagersyndrom, often known as KZ-syndrome, is a collection of post-traumatic health issues and pathological effects suffered by prisoners who had endured concentration camp circumstances despite severe threats to life.

Sleep problems were widespread among Holocaust survivors, especially those who had made it through a concentration camp. Multiple sleep disorders have been identified as a standard feature of Holocaust survivors.¹⁶ Trauma from the Holocaust can manifest in many ways, but disturbed sleep is one of the most common. Some investigations have found sleep disruptions without clinical diseases, suggesting that they persist from liberation until at least six decades after World War II.¹⁷ This research is significant because it sheds light on sleep disruptions affecting many survivors and their loved ones. It is also crucial for specialists dealing with Holocaust survivors’ various mental and physical health issues.

There has been a lot of study into the Holocaust survivors’ memories and the reasons for them. One indicator of psychological and emotional well-being among Holocaust survivors is their capacity to make meaning of their painful experiences within the context of a whole and meaningful life. Many Holocaust survivors have gone on to lead fulfilling lives, including starting families and achieving professional achievement, despite the trauma they experienced. Immigrant survivors of the Holocaust who settled in Israel after World War II helped build the Jewish state and are deeply invested in teaching future generations about what happened there.

According to the resilience hypothesis, Holocaust survivors remember specific details because doing so helps them make sense of their experiences and move forward. Survivors of the Holocaust frequently report experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, including hypervigilance, emotional distance, and nightmares.¹⁸ It has been estimated that up to 55 percent of Holocaust survivors exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Those who survived the Holocaust have an exceptional capacity for recalling the atrocities they witnessed. In many cases, people want to forget about the deaths of children because they believe the thought process behind it is too painful to deal with. Even though it is common for children to attend their parents’ funerals, the loss of younger brothers or cousins in such a horrendous manner is unfathomable and incomprehensible. This was the experience of many people during the Holocaust.

Considering their ordeal, the resilience of Holocaust survivors was astounding. Those who made it through the war spoke highly of luck and chance’s role in their survival and the importance of maintaining a positive outlook on life. Many people who managed to make it through the war have credited their positive outlook, ability to think outside the box, and willingness to work hard as significant factors in their survival. Specifically, survivors have described rebuilding their lives through forging new relationships, finding and keeping stable employment, and positively contributing to communal institutions. These people’s faiths were the driving force behind their development and eventual success. Survivors of the Holocaust have the potential for personal growth and reintegration when they confront the trauma they endured to heal, regain control, and find meaning. This shifts the focus from their vulnerability to their strength and can help them break free of the victim mentality.

Most discussions of the Holocaust focus on German and Polish Jews, but the fate of Greece’s Jewish communities in the years following World War II is rarely mentioned. Historians disagree on the number of Greek Jews who perished under German rule, but most believe it was between 70,000 and 80,000. According to Rudolf Hoss, commander of Auschwitz, sixty thousand to sixty-five thousand Greek Jews were sent to Auschwitz and were backed up by Adolf Eichmann’s assistant, Dieter Wisliceny.¹⁹ The U-Boote were a group of Jewish Germans who managed to survive the Holocaust by going into hiding in Nazi Berlin.

They were given this moniker because many “disappeared” during the deportations to avoid certain death, only to “reappear” after the fall of Nazi Germany in May of 1945. They were able to survive the Holocaust despite its stigmatizing connotation. To dodge the brutal persecutions of the Nazis, several Jews had to live unlawfully. It has been noted that many of the 8,300 Jewish survivors in Berlin were themselves U-Boote. Twenty-five per cent of Berlin’s remaining Jewish population consisted of the roughly 1,700 children, women, and men who hid in and around the city during the Holocaust.²⁰ This was in addition to the camp survivors (22.9%), those with “Aryan” spouses (5.6%), and the Mischlings (56.6%).²¹ People of mixed race or those who had married someone of another race were not deported, but they were intimidated.

The testimonies of those who lived through the Holocaust under Hitler and the Nazis are the only ones that truly capture the horrors and suffering the Jews endured. The unique circumstances of the Holocaust have led to a documentary history written from the Nazi murderers’ point of view. People can learn about the Jewish people’s responses to expropriation, exile, intimidation, and murder by listening to the testimonies of those who lived through it. Speaking with those who lived through the Holocaust, one can generate interpretations of their memories that are more spontaneous and less mediated.

Before the outbreak of World War II, the British government rescued numerous children, including Anne Steinberg. As anti-Jewish sentiment grew among German Jews around the end of 1938, the British government took quick steps to protect Jewish youngsters. Between December 1938 and September 1939, when World War II broke out, the German government sent some 10,000 youngsters to England, 80 percent of whom were Jewish.²² Fay Shaw is among the survivors who struggle with the memories of her past. Shaw often wonders how she is alive while the others have died. Constantly, people confront themselves with this challenging question. Whenever Shaw wonders about the miracle of how she is happening while others are dead, she feels guilty, and a stinging agony stays in her mind recollection. Shaw and her sister managed to escape, but they later learned that their mother and other sister had perished in the cold on the trains to the Riga extermination camp.²³ Shaw and her sister were living in England when her father was able to escape a concentration camp and join them.

On April 29th, 1945, only three days before the concentration camp in Austria was liberated, Eva Galler was born. They were deported to a detention camp outside Prague in the winter of 1941. She shared the tale to honor the countless lives lost during the Holocaust.²⁴ The accounts of the survivors are all unique. Eva’s mother gave birth to a son they named Dan during her pregnancy, but she and her husband were coerced into signing a contract promising to turn their newborn over to the Gestapo for execution. Shortly after Dan’s death from pneumonia, Eva’s mother became pregnant. She was pregnant when she was transferred to Auschwitz, and she knew she had to keep it a secret or risk being sent to the death chamber. The Nazis took Eva’s father and fifteen other relatives to a different camp, where they all perished by firing squad because they were Jews.

Isak Borenstein was born in the Polish city of Radom. He was one of six siblings, including three brothers and three sisters. During the war, he experienced a great deal of change. He escaped to Russia from Poland as the Nazis invaded, where he worked as a carpenter. When Hitler attacked Russia in 1941, he enlisted in the Soviet army to fight him.²⁵ He was one of about 35 Jewish people that surrendered together. The shooting left only two people alive, and the Germans systematically eliminated the remainder. After much thought, he chose to adopt the Polish surname Broniewski in place of my Jewish-sounding previous one, Borenstein.

After the war, Borenstein returned to his native Radom, Poland, but he found only ten Jewish residents out of a total population of 34,000. Only he and his older brother Abe were alive when the rest of their family perished. Abe made it out of the concentration camp of Buchenwald alive. After relocating to New Orleans in 1951, the brother opened a woodworking business. Abe left a will detailing the events of the war for their family, but Borenstein has yet to peruse it. For the memorial candles, Isak fashioned a wooden menorah. He finally figured it out, and now the springtime menorah lighting is a tradition for him. Six candles represent the six million Jewish victims. In Israel, the Star of David represents the Jewish state. The olive branch represents a new beginning for those coming up through the ashes.²⁶ Borenstein admits that when he tries to remember things from the past, he finds it hard to believe. He has to pinch himself to ensure he is not dreaming.

Three-year-old Jeannine Burk lived in Brussels, Belgium, which had been designated as neutral by international treaties but was bombed by Nazi forces because Hitler did not care. Burk and her two siblings spent the war in hiding. She sent him to a Catholic home for boys to protect her brother. Their older sister was hospitalized with a bone illness and spent two years bedridden in an isolation unit.²⁷ Burk spent the years between three and five with a woman after being abandoned at her door. Her father was taken by the Gestapo and murdered in an Auschwitz death chamber. Her mother was able to make it through the war, and in 1944 she took Burk and her siblings in. The family had been expecting her father to return home at any moment before they discovered his death. Burk confesses that she will never forget waiting for her dad to get home from work with her mom and two siblings, but nobody came. Burk’s family learned from a government agency much later that her dad had been killed. His death was a result of the gas chambers at Auschwitz. Burk and her father would have been killed if she had been at home when the Nazis abducted her father. In a second, they would have gassed Burk to death since that was the way of exterminating the children.

Impacts of the Holocaust on Jewish Nationality

The Jews who made it through the Holocaust worked together and relied on each other to start over. Zionism reached its zenith and morphed into the actual movement to establish a Jewish state as their sense of national identity became more acute.²⁸ The World Zionist Organization (WZO) and specific Jewish communities in the United States played pivotal roles in the international effort to aid European Jews after Hitler’s anti-Semitic campaign gained traction. Jewish immigration from Germany to Palestine was arranged in a clandestine pact between Nazi Germany’s Reich Ministry of Economic Affairs and confident Zionist leaders in 1933.²⁹ Jewish people in Germany could put their money into a designated account and use it to import German goods for distribution in Palestine. The Jewish immigrants would pay for the goods upfront, and then the Palestinian merchants who had received them would pay them back.

Zionism’s primary goal was to organize the migration of Jews to Palestine. Thousands of Jews were killed during the Holocaust, but it also helped bring the Jewish people together in ways never seen before. While everyone was busy trying to stay alive, no one seemed to mind the divisions among the Jews. Neither the Ashkenazi, the Sephardi, the Orthodox, the Conservative, the Reform, the many factions within the Zionist movement, the Russians, nor the Germans Jews.

The horrors of the Holocaust shook the world and garnered widespread support for the Jewish people and Zionism. This provided a momentous opening for the rebirth of Jewish culture and the establishment of the modern state of Israel. To sum up, as World War II wound down, all countries recognized the importance of providing a haven for Holocaust survivors and a permanent home for Jews. If no other country is willing or able to do so, then perhaps supporting the construction of a Jewish state in Palestine is the only permanent solution. Although the Nazis intended to murder all Jews, their abhorrent actions compelled the international community to designate a safe location for the Jewish people.

Jews will never get over the Holocaust, which has had a profound and far-reaching effect on Jewish thought, literature, and the arts. This history serves as a cautionary tale for Jewish identity education but ultimately benefits the country by strengthening Jewish unity.³⁰ When remembering the dead, the righteous have never stopped fighting for those wronged. Jewish survivors and their allies have spent the better part of seven decades compiling proof of Nazi atrocities and working to bring those responsible to justice. In addition to locating thousands of Nazi war criminals, the Simon Wiesenthal Center has questioned and gathered testimonials from tens of thousands of Holocaust witnesses and survivors. When Adolf Eichmann was in Argentina in 1960, the Israeli Mossad captured and brought him back to Israel. In 1962, after a highly publicized trial, he was convicted of having committed war crimes and executed. The good works are still going on today.

Jewish heritage was severely impacted by the Holocaust. Over the past seven decades, Jewish authors, filmmakers, and artists have produced many works centered on the Holocaust. They are highly regarded among Jews, but they also have significantly impacted other cultures, such as the Chinese.³¹ However, many believe the Holocaust has hurt Jewish philosophy by increasing the sense of isolation and persecution felt by Jews. Strong feelings of anti-Semitism persist. Jews are so concerned about their safety that they will actively try to eliminate potential dangers. This has led to the rise of several Jewish nationalist groups that have shown a willingness to go to extreme lengths to further their cause; some Jewish militants have even resorted to terrorism. In response, Israel has established security zones and implemented a policy of preemptive strikes. On the other hand, many refuse to acknowledge any damage to Jewish thought and insist that extreme measures are warranted because of what happened during the Holocaust.

The Holocaust, on the other hand, has beneficial effects since it serves as a reminder of the historical catastrophe and strengthens Jewish knowledge and unity. The Holocaust monument Yad Vashem in Jerusalem serves as the hub of a nationwide network of Holocaust teaching in Israel. Jewish communities in other countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, have established their own higher learning systems. Jewish communities in central and medium-sized cities have erected museums and educational facilities to commemorate and teach about the Holocaust.³² There would be an area for Holocaust teaching in synagogues and community centers, even in the smallest Jewish towns. All Jewish kids would be taken to museums and educational facilities like this to learn about their heritage.

Locals would also congregate there to remember the Holocaust on designated days. Seminars and public talks are frequently held at educational institutions to examine the Holocaust’s roots, draw conclusions about how to prevent future atrocities, and educate the public.³³ Indeed, teaching about the Holocaust is now standard practice in Jewish schools. Holocaust education will continue to be a priority, and the genocide will never be forgotten. In addition to examining the Holocaust, it seeks to strengthen Jewish unity.

Conclusion

As time has passed since the end of the Holocaust, the effects of the concentration camps and massacres endured by survivors have been felt both positively and negatively, with traumatic disorders and a renewed sense of Jewish identity. The paper discusses the concentration camps and the massacre as the main events that took place during the Holocaust. The doings in these concentration camps and the murders during the Holocaust have caused immense impacts on the nation of Jews and survivors. The discussed activities carried out in these concentration camps include experiments on humans, mass murder, forced labor, and poor living conditions. It is evidently clear that the memories of the survivors of the Holocaust will never fade. The survivors have suffered from trauma caused by the experiences they have undergone during the Holocaust. Several others suffer from sleep disorders caused by the memories of the time. Many Jews lost close friends and family relatives likely to have been murdered during the Holocaust. The paper has also revealed that, despite the conditions survivors have undergone, they have been able to create memoirs for the remembrance and honor of those who died as a result of the Holocaust. Many survivors of the Holocaust started new families and rebuilt their lives.

The positive and negative effects of the Holocaust on Jewish nationality have also been discussed. Holocaust serves as a reminder of the historical catastrophe and strengthens Jewish knowledge and unity. This is achieved through seminars and public talks frequently held at educational institutions to examine the Holocaust’s roots, draw conclusions about how to prevent future atrocities, and educate the public. The negatives include the Jewish militants who have resorted to terrorism and many refuse to acknowledge any damage to Jewish thought and insist that extreme measures are warranted because of what happened during the Holocaust. Therefore, the discussion depicts that the Holocaust had a great impact on both the Jewish nationality and the survivors.

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Footnotes

1. Selb, Peter, and Simon Munzert. “Examining a most likely case for strong campaign effects: Hitler’s speeches and the rise of the Nazi party, 1927–1933.” American Political Science Review 112, no. 4 (2018): 1050-1066.
2. Zemer, Lior, and Anat Lior. “Art and copyright in ghettos and concentration camps: A manifesto of third-generation holocaust survivors.” Geo. LJ 109 (2020): 813.
3. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. An Introduction to the Holocaust
4. Segal, Raz. “The modern state, the question of genocide, and Holocaust scholarship.” Journal of Genocide Research 20, no. 1 (2018): 108-133.
5. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2020). An Introduction to the Holocaust. Web.
6. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. An Introduction to the Holocaust.
7. Lior, Zemer and Lior, Anat. “Art and copyright in ghettos and concentration camps”
8. Jewish Virtual Library (2020). “The Holocaust: An Introductory History”
9. Nawijn, Jeroen, Rami Khalil Isaac, Konstantin Gridnevskiy, and Adriaan Van Liempt. “Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites: An exploratory study into expected emotional response.” Current Issues in Tourism 21, no. 2 (2018): 175-190.
10. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. An Introduction to the Holocaust.
11. Nawijn et al. “Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites” 185
12. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. An Introduction to the Holocaust
13. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. An Introduction to the Holocaust
14. Nawijn et al. “Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites” 185
15. Nawijn et al. “Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites” 185
16. Lurie, Ido. “Sleep Disorders Among Holocaust Survivors.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 205, no. 9 (September 2017): 665-71.
17. Ido, Lurie. “Sleep Disorders Among Holocaust Survivors.”
18. Horáčková, Kateřina, Andrea Ševčovičová, Zdeněk Hrstka, Markéta Moravcová, Martina Lásková, and Lubica Derňarová. “Consequences of holocaust on physical health of survivors: bibliography review.” Central European Journal of Public Health, volume 28, issue: 3 (2020).
19. Lior, Zemer and Lior, Anat. “Art and copyright in ghettos and concentration camps”
20. Lior, Zemer and Lior, Anat. “Art and copyright in ghettos and concentration camps”
21. Lior, Zemer and Lior, Anat. “Art and copyright in ghettos and concentration camps”
22. Burgard, Antoine. “A traumatic past in the far distance: narrating children’s survival in the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust.” The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 13, no. 3 (2020): 341-358.
23. Antoine Burgard. “A traumatic past in the far distance” 350
24. “Holocaust Survivors: Eva Galler’s Story.” Web.
25. “Holocaust Survivors: Isak Borenstein’s Story.” Web.
26. Holocaust Survivors: Isak Borenstein’s story
27. “Holocaust Survivors: Jeannine Burk’s Story.” Web.
28. Pan, Guang. “The International Background: The Impact of the Holocaust on Jews.” In A Study of Jewish Refugees in China (1933–1945), pp. 107-121. Springer, Singapore, 2019.
29. Stola, Dariusz. “Jewish emigration from communist Poland: the decline of Polish Jewry in the aftermath of the Holocaust.” In Jewish Migration in Modern Times, pp. 43-62. Routledge, 2020.
30. Guang, Pan. “The International Background” 117
31. Crowe, David M. The holocaust: Roots, history, and aftermath. Routledge, 2018.
32. Stola, Dariusz. “Jewish emigration from communist Poland: the decline of Polish Jewry in the aftermath of the Holocaust.” In Jewish Migration in Modern Times, pp. 43-62. Routledge, 2020.
33. Dariusz, Stola. “Jewish emigration from communist Poland” 51